DEVELOPMENT- SUGGESTED Q AND ANS FOR STD X

One word or one sentence answers

Q1. What is the most common method of measuring the economic development of a country?

Ans Income

Q2. What is per capita income?

Ans. The total national income divided by the total population, it is called per capita income.

Q3. How has per capita income in India increased from 1950 – 51 to 2000?

Ans. It has increased from Rs. 255 only in 1950 -51 to Rs, 16,000 in 2000.

Q4. Define national income.

Ans. The total value of all the goods and services produced within a country plus income coming from abroad is called national income.

Q5. How has the National Income of India increased from 1950-51 to 1998-99?

Ans. It has increased from Rs. 9600 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 16, 00,000 crore in 1998-99.

Q6. What is the most common method of looking at development?

Ans. Income

Q7. What are other methods of looking at development?

Ans. 1. Quality of Life 2. Environmental sustainability

Q8. What is human development?

Ans It means the development of an individual in such a way that he could lead a happy life according to his cherished wish and genius.

Q9. Why do some people oppose dams?
Ans. Some people oppose dams as it will disrupt their lives and submerge their lands.

Q10. Besides seeking income what do the people seek?

Ans. They seek equal treatments, freedom and security.

Q 11. If women are engaged in paid work, how does it affect their lives?

Ans. Their dignity in the household and the society increases.

Q12. What was the result of dumping liquid toxic wastes into open air-dumps near an Africans city named Aludjan?

Ans. The fumes from the highly toxic wastes caused diseases like nauseau, skin rashes, fainting, and diarrhea.

Q13. According to the World Bank rating, which countries were regarded as rich or developed?

Ans. those countries were regarded as rich or developed where per capita income was

$ 10,066 per annum and above.

Q14. Which countries were called low income countries or developing countries?

Ans. Where per capita income was $ 825 per annum or less.

Q15. According to World Bank rating what was India’s per capita income in 2004?

Ans. Just $ 620 per annum.

Q16. Out of Punjab and Kerala which state has higher per capita income?

Ans. Punjab as the state the per capita income is Rs. 26,000 where as in Kerala it is Rs. 22,800.

Q17. Then why is Kerala regarded as more developed than Punjab?

Ans Because in Kerala the literacy rate and net attendance ration is higher than that of Punjab. Moreover, more infants die in Punjab as compared to Kerala. Thus as a whole Kerala scores over Punjab.

Q18. How can you calculate the Body Mass Index?

Ans By dividing the total weight of a person by the square of his height, we can calculate the Body Mass Index of that person.

Q 19. Out of the two countries – India and Sri Lanka, which country has the higher per capita income?

Ans Sri Lanka, because in that country, the per capita income is 4390 US dollars while in India it is 3139 US dollars.

Q20. Which area of the world has the largest crude oil reserves?

Ans. The Middle East.

Very short and short answer Type Questions

Q1. Development of a country can be determined by its (Q4 of NCERT)

i) per capita income

ii) average literacy level

iii) health status of its people

iv) All the above ( Ans iv)

Q2. Which of the following neighboring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India? (Q2 of NCERT)

i) Bangladesh

ii) Sri Lanka

iii) Nepal

iv) Pakistan ( Ans ii)

Q3. Assume there are four families in a country. The per capita income of these families is Rs. 5000. If the income of three families are Rs. 4000, Rs. 7000 and Rs. 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family? (Q3 of NCERT)

i) Rs. 7500

ii) Rs. 3000

iii) Rs. 4000

iv) Rs. 6000 (Ans iv)

( Total income of four families = 5000 x 4 = 20,000

Total income of three families = 4000 + 7000 + 3000 = 14,000

Income of the fourth family = 20,000 – 14,000 = 6000 )

Q4. What are the aspirations or development goals of landless rural laborers?

Ans. i) More days of work and better wages

ii) Educational facilities to provide quality education to their children

iii) There should be no social discrimination so that their children could become leaders in the village.

Q5. What can be the aspirations or goals of prosperous farmers of Punjab?

Ans i) Higher support prices for their crops

ii) Hard working and cheap labourers

iii) To settle their children abroad.

Q6. What can be the aspirations or goals of farmers who depend only on rain for growing crop?

Ans i) Sufficient rain at the proper time.

ii) The prosperous farmers in the village to provide the food grains in case of failure of rains.

iii) The government to provide the loans at cheap rates in case of any drought.

Q7. What can be the aspirations/goals of a rural woman from land owning family?

Ans. i) More ornaments and beautiful clothes

ii) To provide good education to her children

iii) To marry her children in good families.

Q8. What can be the aspirations/goals of a rural woman from land owning family?

Ans i) To get a good job at the earliest.

ii) Banks should provide him loans at cheap rate.

iii) Government should provide him social security as in foreign lands.

Q9. What can be aspirations/goals of a boy from a rich urban family?

Ans i) Good education

ii) A motor car

iii) Full facilities for going abroad

Q10. What can be the aspirations/goals of a girl from a rich urban family?

Ans i) To get as much freedom as her brother enjoys

ii) Freedom to decide her own future including her marriage

iii) If possible to go ahead to get higher education

Q11. What can be the aspirations/goals of an Adivasi from Narmada Valley?

Ans i) He should not be rooted out of his native land.

ii) If such a thing is not possible than he should first be rehabilitated at a proper place

iii) Full help from the government – side in getting a good job.

Q12. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? (Q4 of NCERT)

Ans. For considering or classifying different countries the World Bank uses the income criterion above. Countries with higher incomes are considered as more developed that the countries with lower incomes generally simply because more income would insure all things that human beings want.

The World Bank, in its World Development Report 2006, has considered countries with per capita income of $10,066 per annum as rich while those with per capital income of $825 or less as low income country.

But the income criterion has certain limitations. Along with income one would like to consider many other things like the security of service, working atmosphere, betterment of the family members, division of the family, separation from his close friends, well-being of his parents etc. These non-material things mean a lot to us than money or material things.

Q13. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Ans. The World Bank has compared the different countries only on the basis of the income criterion. But UNDP in its Human Development Report compares the measure of the level of different countries, not only on income factor alone but also on certain other factors as well. These factors are as follows:

i) Educational level of the people.

ii) Health status of the people.

iii) Per capita income

Q14. The table below shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on survey of various states in the country for the year 2001.

States	Males (%)	Females (%)
Kerala	22	19
Karnataka	36	38
Madhya Pradesh	43	42
All States	37	36

Look at the table and answer the following questions:

i) Based on the above, compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh

ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Ans. i)The nutritional level of the people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. There are ration of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh.

ii) There is enough food in the country even then 40% of the people in the country are undernourished because of the following reasons:

a) A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food.

b) There is lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many people remain backward and poor as much they are unable to get nutritious food.

c) In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food, items so they remain undernourished.

Q15. Assume that there are only four families each in two countries. Study the table on the right carefully and answer the questions that follow:

	Monthly income of Families ( Rs.)				Average Income
	A	B	C	D
Country X	12000	11000		13000	50000
Country Y	5000	4000	6000	35000	50000

a) Fill in the blanks in a way that both country X and country Y have the same average income.

b) Now say, which country is better off and why

Ans a) Country Y and its four families have an average income of 50,000. If family No. C in country X gets an income of 14,000 then the average income of four families in country X would also come to 50,000.

b) From the comparison of two countries, country no. X is better off because there is not much difference in the incomes of four families. All families are almost on the same income level.

But in country Y, there is much disparity in the incomes of different families. While three families are quite poor, the fourth family is quite rich. So country No. X is better off because it has more equitable distribution of income.

Long Answer Type Questions

Answer upto 100-120 words

Q1. Distinguish between: Developed and Developing economies/countries.

Ans Developed Economies/Developed countries

i) The developed economies have a very wide industrial sector based on modern technology.

ii) Commodities are produced on a very large scale. Level of efficiency is also very high. Rates of saving, investment, capital formation are also very high.

iii) Capital plays an important role in these economies.

iv) Labour force is skilled in developed countries.

v) The standard of living of the people is very high; USA, U.K., Germany, Japan, France, etc. are examples of developed economies or developed countries.

Developing Economies Developing/countries

i) Agriculture and rural sector dominate in the developing countries.

ii) The industrial development is very small and is confined to small urban sector.

iii) Goods and services produced by the producers are mostly consumed by the residents themselves.

iv) Countries with developing economy face the problem of mass poverty. They have a low per capita income.

v) They lack large scale industries and modern technology and depend on small scale and cottage industries. Their natural resources are not properly used.

vi) India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Brazil etc. Come under this category.

Q2. What is meant by the term economic development?

Ans As Brown has said, “Economy is the system of earning livelihood to satisfy human wants.” Thus economic development means the progress that a country makes in the field of economy. If in a particular country, the people earn higher income and can satisfy all their needs, we can say that that country is a developed country and it has a developed economy. Some such countries are U.S.A, Japan and U.K. etc.

If on the other hand, the people are not able to earn a higher income and are not able to get all the facilities required for their satisfaction, then we say that such an economy is a developing economy and such country is a developing country like India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Indonesia and many Asian and African countries.

Q3. What lessons can you draw about the importance of income from the fact that Kerala, with lower per capita income, has better human development ranking than Punjab? ( Q8 of the NCERT)

TABLE 1 PER CAPITA INCOME OF SELECT STATES

STATES	PER CAPITA INCOME FOR 2002 – 03 ( In Rs.)
Punjab	26000
Kerala	22800
Bihar	5700

TABLE 2 SOME COMPARATIVE DATA ON PUNJAB, KERALA AND BIHAR

State	Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 ( 2003)	Literacy rate (%) (2001)	Net Attendance Ratio class I-V (1995 – 1996)
Punjab	49	70	81
Kerala	11	91	91
Bihar	60	47	41

Ans The above two tables shows that as compared to Kerala, Punjab has a higher per capita income. In Kerala per capita income is only 22, 8000 while in Punjab it is 26,000. so, if per capita income were to be used as the measure of development than Punjab will be considered more developed than Kerala.

After evaluating the Table 2 from the another point, Kerala is ahead though Punjab is ahead of Kerala in the income field, Punjab lags far behind in the crucial areas of literacy rate and net attendance ratio and moreover infant mortality rate is higher in Punjab than in Kerala which means more children out of 1000 die in Punjab than in Kerala.

So, Kerala scores over Punjab in human development ranking.

Q4. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development. (Q 7 of NCERT)

Ans. Total income is generally taken into consideration while comparing the two countries, but it is not a useful measure. It is so because different countries have different number of people, therefore, the average incomes of the two countries are compared which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. This average income is called the per capita income.

Although averages are useful for comparison but it hide disparities too as is clear from the comparison of the following two countries ‘A’ and ‘B’

TABLE 3: CPMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES
Country	Monthly income of citizens in 2007 ( In Rupees)
	I	II	III	IV	V	Average
Country A	9500	10500	9800	10000	10200	50000
Country B	500	500	500	500	48000	50000

In both the countries ‘A’ and ‘B’ the average monthly income of five citizens in 2007 is the same i.e. Rs. 50,000. But every body would like to live in country ‘A’ because that is a country with no rich and no poor citizen while in country ‘B’, there is much difference between the rich and the poor. Hence, while average income is useful for comparison, it hides disparities.

Q5. For each of the item given in Table 1.6 find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom. (Q13 of NCERT)

TABLE 4: SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2004

Country	Per Capita Income in USS	Life Expectancy at birth	Literacy rate for 15 + years population	Gross enrolment ratio for three levels	HDI rank in the world
Sri Lanka	4390	74	91	69	93
India	3139	64	61	60	126
Myanmar	1027	61	90	48	130
Pakistan	2225	63	50	35	134
Nepal	1490	62	50	61	138
Bangladesh	1870	63	41	53	137

Ans i) In case of per capita income Sri Lanka is at the top and Myanmar is at the bottom.

ii) Under the item of life expectancy at Birth, Sri Lanka is at the top and Myanmar is at the bottom.

iii) Under the item of Gross Enrolment Ration Sri Lanka is at the top and Pakistan is at the bottom.

iv) Under the stem of HDI Rank in the world, Nepal is at the top and Sri Lanka is at the bottom.

Q6. Based on data given in Table 1.5, what can you say about the status of the Indian women in comparison in men? Write a small paragraph. (Q6 of NCERT)

TABLE 5: EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT OF POPULATION OF UTTAR PRADESH

Category	Male	Female
Literacy rate for rural population	52%	19%
Literacy rate for children in age group 10-14 years	68%	39%
Percentage of rural children aged 10-14 attending school	64%	31%

Ans After going through the above table, it becomes quite clear that in comparison to men, the position of women is still very pathetic. While the literacy rate for rural population in case of males is 52% it is 19% in case of women in Uttar Pradesh. This is the position in almost all states of India except a few states like Kerala and Pondicherry. This neglect of female education, coupled with discrimination against the girl child, the female infanticide, the dowry system etc., has greatly affected the status of women in comparison to men. But much is being done both by the government and the social institutions to improve the sad plight of women. Dowry has been declared illegal, women have been given equal rights in the property of their parents, much emphasis is now being laid on the female education and even equal right to vote has been given to them.

Q7. Study the above table carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table? (NCERT)

Ans. a) The illiteracy rate of all age groups, including young and old, was 52% for rural males and 19% for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend school but that there are 35.5% who are currently not in school.

b) It is clear from the table that 61% of rural girls and 32% of rural boys are not attending school. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group of 10-14 is as high as 61% for rural females and 32% for rural males.

c) This high level of illiteracy among 10-14 age groups, even after more than 50 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are nowhere near the realization of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children up to age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.

Q8. What do you understand by sustainability? (Q11 of NCERT)

Or

What lessons do you draw from the following statement – Earth has enough resources to meet of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.

Ans. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain their balance. Every generation wants to get the greatest benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted at a rapid speed and within a short time most of the resources shall be exhausted and we and especially our coming generations will be deprived of such resources. So we should use our resources most judiciously so that a certain part of them is left for our coming generations to use it in future. We should protect our animal wealth, both animals and birds from human exploitation otherwise some species will be lost for ever. In such a case our coming generation would be deprived of much charm and beauty which we energy and solar energy etc. are inexhaustible but we must see that they are not put to wrong use otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland.

Most of the mineral wealth and iron, copper, gold, silver, etc. is exhaustible and as such must be used very carefully. However, we must devise methods of recycling these resources and reusing them again.

No doubt, we should utilize our resources for our benefit but we should sustain them and maintain them for our future as well as for the welfare of our coming generations. That is why, it has been said,” Earth has enough resources to meet the demands of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.”

Q9. Is it correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue? Illustrate with examples. (Q9 of NCERT)

Or

List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Ans. As a result of the development of the means of transport like buses, trains and aero planes as well as the means of communication telegraph, telephone, radio, television, the whole world has become one. Now if as a result of the overuse or misuse of the resources the environment becomes degraded in one part of the world, it has repercussions on other parts of the world as well.

Take for example, if any country goes on experimenting with the Atom Bombs, the pollution of the environment thus caused will have repercussions on the other countries as well.

Environment degradation due to the overuse of even sweet water will have a direct impact on the whole world. Recent evidences suggest that water hunger would be one of the worst problems before the world in future.

Overuse of mineral wealth, may be in one part of the world, and would have a deep impact on the rest of the world.

We observe that the different industries day in and day out along with the damping of